3. Time Signatures- A time signature is indicated in the beginning of a piece of music right after the clef. In this case, it appears after the treble clef. A 4/4 time signature means that each measure gets four beat and a quarter note gets one beat. A measure is indicated by the the vertical bars. So, if a time signature is 3/4 then three beats are assigned to every measure and a quarter note gets one beat.
4. Notes- The way that notes look indicates how long you have to hold the note. The following beat divisions are in common time which is (4/4):
whole note= 4 beats
half note= 2 beats
quarter note= 1 beat
eight note= 1/2 of a beat
sixteenth note= 1/4 of a beat